Data can have missing values due to unrecorded observations, incorrect or inconsistent data entry, and more.
Many machine learning algorithms do not support data with missing values. So handling missing data is important for accurate data analysis and building robust models.
In this tutorial, you will learn how to handle missing data for machine learning with Python.
Specifically, after completing this tutorial you will know:
How to mark invalid or corrupt values as missing in your dataset.
How to remove rows with missing data from your dataset.
How to impute missing values with mean values in your dataset.
How to impute missing values using advanced techniques such as KNN and Iterative imputers.
How to encode missingness as a feature to help make predictions.
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Note: The examples in this post assume that you have a recent version of Python 3 with Pandas, NumPy and Scikit-Learn installed, specifically scikit-learn version 1.1 or higher and Python 3.8 or higher. If you need help setting up your environment see this tutorial.
Update Mar/2018: Changed link to dataset files.
Update Dec/2019: Updated link to dataset to GitHub version.
Update May/2020: Updated code examples for API changes. Added references.
Update Nov/2023: Added sections on KNN and Iterative imputers and encoding missingness as a feature. Updated code examples.
How to Handle Missing Values with Python Photo by CoCreatr, some rights reserved.
Overview
This tutorial is divided into 9 parts:
Diabetes Dataset: where we look at a dataset that has known missing values.
Mark Missing Values: where we learn how to mark missing values in a dataset.
Missing Values Causes Problems: where we see how a machine learning algorithm can fail when it contains missing values.
Remove Rows With Missing Values: where we see how to remove rows that contain missing values.
Impute Missing Values: where we replace missing values with sensible values.
Impute Missing Values with KNN Imputer: where we learn how to impute missing values using K nearest neighbors.
Impute Missing Values with Iterative Imputer: where we see how to impute missing values in multiple features using iterative imputation.
Algorithms that Support Missing Values: where we learn about algorithms that support missing values.
Encode Missingness with MissingIndicator: where we learn to encode missingness in the dataset.
First, let’s take a look at our sample dataset with missing values.
1. Diabetes Dataset
The Diabetes Dataset involves predicting the onset of diabetes within 5 years in given medical details.
It is a binary (2-class) classification problem. The number of observations for each class is not balanced. There are 768 observations with 8 input variables and 1 output variable. The variable names are as follows:
0. Number of times pregnant.
1. Plasma glucose concentration a 2 hours in an oral glucose tolerance test.
2. Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg).
3. Triceps skinfold thickness (mm).
4. 2-Hour serum insulin (mu U/ml).
5. Body mass index (weight in kg/(height in m)^2).
6. Diabetes pedigree function.
7. Age (years).
8. Class variable (0 or 1).
The baseline performance of predicting the most prevalent class is a classification accuracy of approximately 65%. Top results achieve a classification accuracy of approximately 77%.
A sample of the first 5 rows is listed below.
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6,148,72,35,0,33.6,0.627,50,1
1,85,66,29,0,26.6,0.351,31,0
8,183,64,0,0,23.3,0.672,32,1
1,89,66,23,94,28.1,0.167,21,0
0,137,40,35,168,43.1,2.288,33,1
...
This dataset is known to have missing values.
Specifically, there are missing observations for some columns that are marked as a zero value.
We can corroborate this by the definition of those columns and the domain knowledge that a zero value is invalid for those measures, e.g. a zero for body mass index or blood pressure is invalid.
Download the dataset from here and save it to your current working directory with the file name pima-indians-diabetes.csv .
max 17.000000 199.000000 122.000000 ... 2.420000 81.000000 1.000000
[8 rows x 9 columns]
This is useful.
We can see that there are columns that have a minimum value of zero (0). On some columns, a value of zero does not make sense and indicates an invalid or missing value.
Missing values are frequently indicated by out-of-range entries; perhaps a negative number (e.g., -1) in a numeric field that is normally only positive, or a 0 in a numeric field that can never normally be 0.
Running the example, we can clearly see 0 values in the columns 2, 3, 4, and 5.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 6 148 72 35 0 33.6 0.627 50 1
1 1 85 66 29 0 26.6 0.351 31 0
2 8 183 64 0 0 23.3 0.672 32 1
3 1 89 66 23 94 28.1 0.167 21 0
4 0 137 40 35 168 43.1 2.288 33 1
5 5 116 74 0 0 25.6 0.201 30 0
6 3 78 50 32 88 31.0 0.248 26 1
7 10 115 0 0 0 35.3 0.134 29 0
8 2 197 70 45 543 30.5 0.158 53 1
9 8 125 96 0 0 0.0 0.232 54 1
10 4 110 92 0 0 37.6 0.191 30 0
11 10 168 74 0 0 38.0 0.537 34 1
12 10 139 80 0 0 27.1 1.441 57 0
13 1 189 60 23 846 30.1 0.398 59 1
14 5 166 72 19 175 25.8 0.587 51 1
15 7 100 0 0 0 30.0 0.484 32 1
16 0 118 84 47 230 45.8 0.551 31 1
17 7 107 74 0 0 29.6 0.254 31 1
18 1 103 30 38 83 43.3 0.183 33 0
19 1 115 70 30 96 34.6 0.529 32 1
We can get a count of the number of missing values on each of these columns. We can do this my marking all of the values in the subset of the DataFrame we are interested in that have zero values as True. We can then count the number of true values in each column.
We can do this my marking all of the values in the subset of the DataFrame we are interested in that have zero values as True. We can then count the number of true values in each column.
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# example of summarizing the number of missing values for each variable
# count the number of missing values for each column
num_missing=(dataset[[1,2,3,4,5]]==0).sum()
# report the results
print(num_missing)
Running the example prints the following output:
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1 5
2 35
3 227
4 374
5 11
We can see that columns 1,2 and 5 have just a few zero values, whereas columns 3 and 4 show a lot more, nearly half of the rows.
This highlights that different “missing value” strategies may be needed for different columns, e.g. to ensure that there are still a sufficient number of records left to train a predictive model.
When a predictor is discrete in nature, missingness can be directly encoded into the predictor as if it were a naturally occurring category.
We see that all the columns are either int or float.
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0int64
1int64
2int64
3int64
4int64
5float64
6float64
7int64
8int64
dtype:object
After we have marked the missing values, we can use the isnull() function to mark all of the NaN values in the dataset as True and get a count of the missing values for each column.
After we have marked the missing values, we can use the isnull() function to mark all of the NaN values in the dataset as True and get a count of the missing values for each column.
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# example of marking missing values with nan values
Running the example prints the number of missing values in each column. We can see that the columns 1:5 have the same number of missing values as zero values identified above. This is a sign that we have marked the identified missing values correctly.
We can see that the columns 1 to 5 have the same number of missing values as zero values identified above. This is a sign that we have marked the identified missing values correctly.
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0 0
1 5
2 35
3 227
4 374
5 11
6 0
7 0
8 0
dtype: int64
This is a useful summary. I always like to look at the actual data though, to confirm that I have not fooled myself.
Below is the same example, except we print the first 20 rows of data.
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# example of review rows from the dataset with missing values marked
Running the example, we can clearly see NaN values in the columns 2, 3, 4 and 5. There are only 5 missing values in column 1, so it is not surprising we did not see an example in the first 20 rows.
It is clear from the raw data that marking the missing values had the intended effect.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 6 148.0 72.0 35.0 NaN 33.6 0.627 50 1
1 1 85.0 66.0 29.0 NaN 26.6 0.351 31 0
2 8 183.0 64.0 NaN NaN 23.3 0.672 32 1
3 1 89.0 66.0 23.0 94.0 28.1 0.167 21 0
4 0 137.0 40.0 35.0 168.0 43.1 2.288 33 1
5 5 116.0 74.0 NaN NaN 25.6 0.201 30 0
6 3 78.0 50.0 32.0 88.0 31.0 0.248 26 1
7 10 115.0 NaN NaN NaN 35.3 0.134 29 0
8 2 197.0 70.0 45.0 543.0 30.5 0.158 53 1
9 8 125.0 96.0 NaN NaN NaN 0.232 54 1
10 4 110.0 92.0 NaN NaN 37.6 0.191 30 0
11 10 168.0 74.0 NaN NaN 38.0 0.537 34 1
12 10 139.0 80.0 NaN NaN 27.1 1.441 57 0
13 1 189.0 60.0 23.0 846.0 30.1 0.398 59 1
14 5 166.0 72.0 19.0 175.0 25.8 0.587 51 1
15 7 100.0 NaN NaN NaN 30.0 0.484 32 1
16 0 118.0 84.0 47.0 230.0 45.8 0.551 31 1
17 7 107.0 74.0 NaN NaN 29.6 0.254 31 1
18 1 103.0 30.0 38.0 83.0 43.3 0.183 33 0
19 1 115.0 70.0 30.0 96.0 34.6 0.529 32 1
Before we look at handling missing values, let’s first demonstrate that having missing values in a dataset can cause problems.
3. Missing Values Causes Problems
Having missing values in a dataset can cause errors with some machine learning algorithms.
Missing values are common occurrences in data. Unfortunately, most predictive modeling techniques cannot handle any missing values. Therefore, this problem must be addressed prior to modeling.
In this section, we will try to evaluate the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) algorithm on the dataset with missing values.
This is an algorithm that does not work when there are missing values in the dataset.
The below example marks the missing values in the dataset, as we did in the previous section, then attempts to evaluate LDA using 3-fold cross validation and print the mean accuracy.
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# example where missing values causes errors
from numpy import nan
from pandas import read_csv
from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
We can do this by creating a new Pandas DataFrame with the rows containing missing values removed.
Pandas provides the dropna() function that can be used to drop either columns or rows with missing data. We can use dropna() to remove all rows with missing data, as follows:
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# example of removing rows that contain missing values
# summarize the shape of the data with missing rows removed
print(dataset.shape)
Running this example, we can see that the number of rows has been aggressively cut from 768 in the original dataset to 392 with all rows containing a NaN removed.
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(768, 9)
(392, 9)
We now have a dataset that we could use to evaluate an algorithm sensitive to missing values like LDA.
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# evaluate model on data after rows with missing data are removed
from numpy import nan
from pandas import read_csv
from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
Note: Your results may vary given the stochastic nature of the algorithm or evaluation procedure, or differences in numerical precision. Consider running the example a few times and compare the average outcome.
The example runs successfully and prints the accuracy of the model.
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Accuracy: 0.781
Removing rows with missing values can be too limiting on some predictive modeling problems, an alternative is to impute missing values.
5. Impute Missing Values
Imputing refers to using a model to replace missing values.
… missing data can be imputed. In this case, we can use information in the training set predictors to, in essence, estimate the values of other predictors.
There are many options we could consider when replacing a missing value, for example:
A constant value that has meaning within the domain, such as 0, distinct from all other values.
A value from another randomly selected record.
A mean, median or mode value for the column.
A value estimated by another predictive model.
Any imputing performed on the training dataset will have to be performed on new data in the future when predictions are needed from the finalized model. This needs to be taken into consideration when choosing how to impute the missing values.
For example, if you choose to impute with mean column values, these mean column values will need to be stored to file for later use on new data that has missing values.
Pandas provides the fillna() function for replacing missing values with a specific value.
For example, we can use fillna() to replace missing values with the mean value for each column, as follows:
Running the example provides a count of the number of missing values in each column, showing zero missing values.
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0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
dtype: int64
The scikit-learn library provides the SimpleImputer pre-processing class that can be used to replace missing values.
It is a flexible class that allows you to specify the value to replace (it can be something other than NaN) and the technique used to replace it (such as mean, median, or mode). The SimpleImputer class operates directly on the NumPy array instead of the DataFrame.
The example below uses the SimpleImputer class to replace missing values with the mean of each column then prints the number of NaN values in the transformed matrix.
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# example of imputing missing values using scikit-learn
Running the example shows that all NaN values were imputed successfully.
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Missing: 0
6. Impute Missing Values with KNN Imputer
So far, we have seen simple imputation strategies using pandas fillna() method and scikit-learn’s SimpleImputer.
KNN or K nearest neighbor imputation is yet another technique to handle missing values. You can use scikit-learn’s KNNImputer to perform this imputation.
For a data point with missing values, this technique identifies the K closest points under a chosen distance metric (Euclidean by default). The number of closest points or neighbors is specified by the n_neighbors parameter. By default, the 5 closest neighbors are considered.
Consider a feature with missing values. The missing value is the mean of the values of that feature for the K nearest neighbors, weighted uniformly by default.
The example below uses the KNNImputer class with n_neighbors set to 4 to impute missing values using the nearest neighbors algorithm.
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# example of imputing missing values using KNN imputer
You will see that all missing values have been imputed as expected.
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Missing:0
Here we use the KNN Imputer with n_neighbors set to 4 to impute missing values in our dataset. To avoid data leakage, we use the KNN Imputer in a pipeline along with the LDA classifier so that the imputer is fit only on samples in the training dataset.
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# example of evaluating a model after a KNN imputer transform
from numpy import nan
from pandas import read_csv
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.impute import KNNImputer
from sklearn.discriminant_analysis import LinearDiscriminantAnalysis
from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score
The IterativeImputer predicts the missing values of a feature by modeling it as a function of other features. The imputer, therefore, predicts the missing values of a feature using the other features as predictors.
It then imputes all missing features in a round-robin fashion. This imputation continues iteratively for max_iter number of times, and is set to 10 by default.
Because the IterativeImputer feature is still experimental, you have to enable it explicitly.
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# example of imputing missing values using Iterative imputer
import numpy asnp
from sklearn.experimental import enable_iterative_imputer
Not all algorithms fail when there is missing data.
There are algorithms that can be made robust to missing data, such as k-Nearest Neighbors that can ignore a column from a distance measure when a value is missing. Naive Bayes can also support missing values when making a prediction.
One of the really nice things about Naive Bayes is that missing values are no problem at all.
There are also algorithms that can use the missing value as a unique and different value when building the predictive model, such as classification and regression trees.
… a few predictive models, especially tree-based techniques, can specifically account for missing data.
The scikit-learn implementations of boosting estimators natively handle missing values. However, the scikit-learn implementations of naive bayes, decision trees and k-Nearest Neighbors are not robust to missing values. Although it is being considered.
Nevertheless, this is an option if you consider using another algorithm implementation (such as xgboost) or developing your own implementation.
9. Encoding Missingness with MissingIndicator
Scikit-learn’s Impute module also provides a MissingIndicator class to create binary indicators for missing values in datasets.
Marking missing values with indicators is helpful in the following:
Understanding missingness patterns in data.
Guiding imputation strategies for different features.
Creating a new feature that indicates the presence or absence of values for a particular feature.
The following example shows how to use the MissingIndicator to mark missing values and obtain a binary indicator matrix. The features parameter is set to “missing-only” by default to include only the feature columns with missing values.
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Hi,
I have a data set with 3 lakhs row and 278 columns. I used MissForest to impute missing values. But, the system (HP Pavilion Intel i5 with 12GB RAM) runs for a long time and still didn’t complete..Can you suggest any easy way?
should I have to use any loop?
Thanks for pointing on interesting problem. I would love another one about how to deal with categorical attributes in Python.
And dear reader, please never ever remove rows with missing values. It changes the distribution of your data and your analyses may become worthless. Learn from mistakes of others and don’t repeat them 🙂
I was just wondering if there is a way to use a different imputation strategy for each column. Say, for a categorical feature you want to impute using the mode but for a continuous attribute, you want to impute using mean.
Hello Mr. Brownlee. Thank you so much for your post.
Do you know any approach to recognize the pattern of missing data? I mean, I am interested in discovering the pattern of missing data on a time series data.
The database is historical data of a chemical process. I think I should apply some pattern recognition approach columnwise because each column represents a process variable and the value coming from a transmisor.
My goal is to predict if the missing data is for a mechanical fault or a desviation in registration process or for any other causes. Then I should apply a kind of filling methods if it is required.
I would invert the problem and model the series of missing data and mark all data you do have with a special value “0” and all missing instances as “1”.
If I have a 11×11 table and there are 20 missing values in there, is there a way for me to make a code that creates a list after identifying these values?
Let us say that the first column got names and the first row has Day 1 to 10. Some of the names does not show up all of the days and therefore there are missing gaps. I put this table into the code and rather than reading the table I get a list with:
Name, day 2, day 5, day 7
Name, Day 1, day 6
I understand that this could take some time to answer, but if you are able to just tell me that this is possible and maybe know of good place to start on how to start on this project that would be of great help!
I am trying to prepare data for the TITANIC dataset. One of the columns is CABIN which has values like ‘A22′,’B56’ and so on. This column has maximum number of missing values. First I thought to delete this column but I think this could be an important variable for predicting survivors.
I am trying to find a strategy to fill these null values. Is there a way to fill alphanumeric blank values?
If there is no automatic way, I was thinking of fill these records based on Name, number of sibling, parent child and class columns. E.g. for a missing value, try to see if there are any relatives and use their cabin number to replace missing value.
Similar case is for AGE column which is missing. Any thoughts?
Sounds like a categorical variable. You could encode them as integers. You could also assign an “unknown” integer value (e.g. -999) for the missing value.
Perhaps you can develop a model to predict the cabin number from other details and see if that is skilful.
Good day, I ran this file code pd.read_csv(r’C:\Users\Public\Documents\SP_dow_Hist_stock.csv’,sep=’,’).pct_change(252)
and it gave me missing values (NAN) of return of stock. How do I resolve it.
pd.read_csv(r’C:\Users\Public\Documents\SP_dow_Hist_stock.csv’,sep=’,’).pct_change(251)
Out[7]:
Unnamed: 0 S&P500 Dow Jones
0 NaN NaN NaN
1 NaN NaN NaN
2 NaN NaN NaN
3 NaN NaN NaN
4 NaN NaN NaN
5 NaN NaN NaN
6 NaN NaN NaN
7 NaN NaN NaN
8 NaN NaN NaN
9 NaN NaN NaN
10 NaN NaN NaN
11 NaN NaN NaN
12 NaN NaN NaN
13 NaN NaN NaN
14 NaN NaN NaN
15 NaN NaN NaN
16 NaN NaN NaN
17 NaN NaN NaN
18 NaN NaN NaN
19 NaN NaN NaN
20 NaN NaN NaN
21 NaN NaN NaN
22 NaN NaN NaN
23 NaN NaN NaN
24 NaN NaN NaN
25 NaN NaN NaN
26 NaN NaN NaN
27 NaN NaN NaN
28 NaN NaN NaN
29 NaN NaN NaN
.. … … …
68 NaN NaN NaN
69 NaN NaN NaN
70 NaN NaN NaN
71 NaN NaN NaN
72 NaN NaN NaN
73 NaN NaN NaN
74 NaN NaN NaN
75 NaN NaN NaN
76 NaN NaN NaN
77 NaN NaN NaN
78 NaN NaN NaN
79 NaN NaN NaN
80 NaN NaN NaN
81 NaN NaN NaN
82 NaN NaN NaN
83 NaN NaN NaN
84 NaN NaN NaN
85 NaN NaN NaN
86 NaN NaN NaN
87 NaN NaN NaN
88 NaN NaN NaN
89 NaN NaN NaN
90 NaN NaN NaN
91 NaN NaN NaN
92 NaN NaN NaN
93 NaN NaN NaN
94 NaN NaN NaN
95 NaN NaN NaN
96 NaN NaN NaN
97 NaN NaN NaN
Thanks for your valuable writing.
I have one question :-
We can also replace NaN values with Pandas fillna() function. In my opinion this is more versatile than Imputer class because in a single statement we can take different strategies on different column.
df.fillna({‘A’:df[‘A’].mean(),’B’:0,’C’:df[‘C’].min(),’D’:3})
What is your opinion? Is there any performance difference between two?
Is there a recommended ratio on the number of NaN values to valid values , when any corrective action like imputing can be taken?
If we have a column with most of the values as null, then it would be better off to ignore that column altogether for feature?
Thanks a lot Jason ! but I have a little question, how about if we want to replace missing values with the mean of each ROW not column ? how to do that ? if you have any clue, please tell me.. Thank you again Jason.
I wanted to ask you how you would deal with missing timestamps (date-time values), which are one set of predictor variables in a classification problem. Would you flag and mark them as missing or impute them as the mode of the rest of the timestamps?
I have a question about imputing missing numerical values. I don’t really want to remove them and I want to impute them to a value that is like Nan but a numerical type? Would say coding it to -1 work? (0 is already being used).
I guess I am trying to achieve the same thing as categorising an nan category variable to unknown and creating another feature column to indicate that it is missing.
You mentioned this here: “if you choose to impute with mean column values, these mean column values will need to be stored to file for later use on new data that has missing values.”, but I wanted to ask:
Would imputing the data before creating the training and test set (with the data set’s mean) cause data leakage? What would be the best approach to tackle missing data within the data pipeline for a machine learning project.
Let’s say I’m imputing by filling in with the mean. For the model tuning am I imputing values in the test set with the training set’s mean?
I tried using this dropna to delete the entire row that has missing values in my dataset and after which the isnull().sum() on the dataset also showed zero null values. But the problem arises when i run an algorithm and i am getting an error.
Error : Input contains NaN, infinity or a value too large for dtype(‘float64’)
This clearly shows there still exists some null values.
Thanks for this post, I’m using CNN for regression and after data normalization I found some NaN values on training samples. How can I use imputer to fill missing values in the data after normalization.
Yes, but if the imputer has to learn/estimate, it should be developed from the training data and aplied to the train and test sets, in order to avoid data leakage.
I feel that Imputer remove the Nan values and doesn’t replace them. For example the vector features length in my case is 14 and there are 2 Nan values after applying Imputer function the vector length is 12. This means the 2 Nan values are removed. However I used the following setting:
imputer = Imputer(missing_values=np.nan, strategy=’mean’, axis=0)
Thanks for this post!!!
A dataSet having more than 4000 rows and rows can be groupby their 1st columns and let there is many columns (assume 20 columns) and few columns(let 14 columns) contains NaN(missing value).
How we populate NaN with mean of their corresponding columns by iterative method(using groupby, transform and apply) .
More than one year later, I have the same problem as you. When i search for 0 it does not work. However, when I look for ‘0’ it does, which means the table is filled with strings and not number… Any idea how I can handle that?
Hi sir,
For my data after executing following instructions still I get same error
dataset= dataset.replace(0, np.NaN)
dataset.dropna(inplace=True)
dataset= dataset.replace(0, np.Inf)
dataset.dropna(inplace=True)
print(dataset.describe())
F1 F2 F3 F4
count 1200.000000 1200.000000 1200.000000 1200.000000
mean 0.653527 0.649447 1.751579 inf
std 0.196748 0.194933 0.279228 NaN
min 0.179076 0.179076 0.731698 0.499815
25% 0.507860 0.506533 1.573212 1.694007
50% 0.652066 0.630657 1.763520 1.925291
75% 0.787908 0.762665 1.934603 2.216663
max 1.339335 1.371362 2.650390 inf
I am new to Python and I was working through the example you gave. For some reason, When I run the piece of code to count the zeros, the code returns results that indicate that there are no zeros in any of those columns.
Say I have a dataset without headers to identify the columns, how can I handle inconsistent data, for example, age having a value 2500 without knowing this column captures age, any thoughts?
Jason,
Many thanks for your work in preparing these awesome tutorials!
In order to fill missing values with mean column values, I had to switch from:
from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer
…
# fill missing values with mean column values
imputer = Imputer()
To:
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
…
imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=numpy.NaN, strategy=’mean’)
Hi Jason, great tutorial! If I were to impute values for time series data, how would I need to approach it? My dataset has data for a year and data is missing for about 3 months. Is there any way to salvage this time series for forecasting?
I have near about 4 lakhs of data.
The shape of my dataset is (400000,114).
I want to first impute the data and then apply feature selection such as RFE so that I could train my model with only the important features further instead of all 114 features.
But I am unable to understand how after using SimpleImputer and MinMax scaler to normalize the data as :
Also training this huge amount of data with Random Forest or Logistic Regression for RFE is taking much of time ? So is a better solution available for training ?
I have tried it with smaller set of data which is working fine.
But in a requirement I have to use this large sized i.e. 4 lakhs of data with 114 features.
Also RFE on RandomForest is taking a huge amount of time to run.
And if I go with model = LogisticRegression(‘saga’), then the amount of time is less but I am dealing with warnings which I am unable to resolve as:
ConvergenceWarning: The max_iter was reached which means the coef_ did not converge
“the coef_ did not converge”, ConvergenceWarning)
How should I go further for feature selection on this large dataset ?
Hello Jason
If we impute a column in our dataset the data distribution will change, and the change will depend on the imputation strategy. This in turns will affect the different ML algorithms performance. We are tuning the prediction not for our original problem but for the “new” dataset, which most probably differ from the real one. My question is, for avoiding error predictions or overestimated performance of our algorithm, shouldn’t we avoid having any NA’s imputed values in our test dataset? I guess We can use them in the training dataset and using different imputation techniques to check performance of the algorithms on the test data (without imputed NA’s).
Thanks
Bruno
Hi Jason,
First of all great job on the tutorials! This is my go to place for Machinel earning now.
I am trying to impute values in my dataset conditionally. Say I have three columns, If Column 1 is 1 then Column 2 is 0 and Column 3 is 0; If column 1 is 2 then Column 2 is Mean () and Column 3 is Mean(). I tried running an if statement with the function any() and defined the conditions separately. However the conditions are not being fulfilled based on conditions, I am either getting all mean values or all zeroes.
I have posted this on Stackoverflow and haven’t gotten any response to help me with this.Please do suggest what should I apply to get this sorted.
Applying these techniques for training data works for me. However, if the data in real-time (test data) is received with standard inverval (100 milliseconds), then algorithms suchs as LGBM, XGBoost and Catboost (scikit) with inherent capabilities can be used.
Your Weka post on missing values by defining threshold works great.
Just a clarification. If one instance of data from several sensors arrive with some missing values for every 100ms, is it possible to classify based on the current instance alone. (one instance at a time).
My presumption is that we need multiple instances to calculate the statistics even for stream data.
Dear Dr Jason,
Background information and question:
Background information:
Instead of playing around with the “horse colic” data with missing data, I constructed a smaller version of the iris data. I had to shuffle the data to get an even spread of species 0, 1 or 2. Otherwise if I took the first 20 rows the last column would be full of species 0. Hence my shuffling of the data.
I’ve had great success in predicting the kind of species.
So my iris20 data looks like this – the first four columns are in the correct order of the original iris data and the last column are a variety of species. .
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array([[7.2,3.,5.8,1.6,2.],
[6.3,2.5,5.,1.9,2.],
[5.7,2.9,4.2,1.3,1.],
[6.3,2.3,4.4,1.3,1.],
[5.,3.,1.6,0.2,0.],
[6.7,3.1,4.7,1.5,1.],
[6.5,3.2,5.1,2.,2.],
[5.7,2.8,4.5,1.3,1.],
[6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,1.],
[6.3,2.8,5.1,1.5,2.],
[7.6,3.,6.6,2.1,2.],
[5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,2.],
[6.3,3.3,6.,2.5,2.],
[5.5,2.4,3.7,1.,1.],
[6.7,3.,5.,1.7,1.],
[5.,3.4,1.5,0.2,0.],
[5.4,3.4,1.5,0.4,0.],
[5.7,3.,4.2,1.2,1.],
[6.3,3.3,4.7,1.6,1.],
[4.6,3.4,1.4,0.3,0.]])
I removed 10 values ‘at random’ from my iris20 data, called it iris20missing
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array([[7.2,3.,5.8,1.6,2.],
[6.3,2.5,5.,nan,2.],
[5.7,nan,4.2,1.3,1.],
[nan,2.3,4.4,1.3,1.],
[5.,3.,nan,0.2,0.],
[6.7,3.1,4.7,1.5,1.],
[6.5,3.2,5.1,nan,2.],
[5.7,2.8,4.5,1.3,1.],
[6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,1.],
[6.3,2.8,5.1,1.5,2.],
[7.6,3.,6.6,2.1,2.],
[5.8,2.7,nan,1.9,2.],
[nan,3.3,6.,2.5,2.],
[5.5,2.4,3.7,1.,1.],
[6.7,3.,5.,1.7,1.],
[5.,3.4,1.5,0.2,0.],
[5.4,nan,1.5,nan,0.],
[5.7,3.,4.2,1.2,1.],
[6.3,3.3,nan,1.6,1.],
[4.6,3.4,1.4,0.3,0.]])
Question:
I have successfully been able to predict the kind of species of iris whether it is species 0, 1, 2.
Examples:
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row=[7.6,8,6.6,2.1];#predicts correctly 2.
row=[7.6,NaN,6.6,2.1];# correctly predicts 2.
row=[7.6,33,6.6,2.1];#correctly predicts 2.
row=[6.3,2.3,4.4,1.3];#correctly predicts 1
row=[6.3,NaN,4.4,1.3];#correctly predicts 1
My question: In listing 8.19, 3rd last line, page 84 (101 of 398):
1
yhat=pipeline.predict([row])
row is enclosed in brackets [row].
that is we have for example row = [[6.3 ,NaN,4.4 ,1.3]]
Why please do we double enclose the array in predict function?
When I do this
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yhat=pipeline.predict(row);# I get errors
I get errors.
Thank you for your time,
Anthony of Sydney
Why enclose row as [row] since row is already enclosed by brackets.
That is why .predict([row]) and not .predict(row)
First,
Thanks in advance for your reply. It is appreciated.
A question on your answer please.
Background info
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row
[6.3,nan,4.4,1.3]
np.shape(row)
(4,)
np.shape([row])
(1,4)
In the above example we had to structure the variable ‘row’ as a 2d matrix for use in the predict() function. Here ‘row’ is changed from an array of size 4 to a 1 x 4 matrix.
I’ve worked out that one can construct an n x m matrix and have the model predict for an n x m matrix
To illustrate:
Recall in my above example I made a series of rows and made individual predictions on the model with these rows:
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row=[7.6,8,6.6,2.1];#predicts correctly 2.
row=[7.6,NaN,6.6,2.1];# correctly predicts 2.
row=[7.6,33,6.6,2.1];#correctly predicts 2.
row=[6.3,2.3,4.4,1.3];#correctly predicts 1
row=[6.3,NaN,4.4,1.3];#correctly predicts 1
Now if we made an n x m matrix and feed that n x m matrix into the predict() function we should expect the same outcomes as individual predictions.
Result is the same as if making individual predictions. Hence I understand the predict() function expecting a matrix and if predicting for single rows, make the single row into a 1xm matrix.
Conclusion: the predict() function expects a matrix, and we can make an n x m matrix containing the rows of what we want to predict AND get multiple results.
Relevant to answer my question about prediction are the sections “Class Predictions”, “Single Class Predictions” and “Multiple Class Predictions”. (These are presented in order of 1, 3 and 2 ).
The variable Xnew is of the structure [[],[]] which is a 2D structure. This is for one prediction.
In the multiple class predictions, Xnew is a 2D matrix. In the example it is a 3 x 2 2D matrix
In both cases of single or multiple class predictions we feed the 2D matrix in the form
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ynew=model.predict(Xnew)
In sum predicting requires our feature matrix to be 2D whether 1 x m or n x m, where 1 or n are the number of predictions and m being the number of features.
I was just wondering if data imputing (e.g. replacing all missing values by the arithmetic mean of the corresponding column) in fact results in data leakage, implementing bias into the model during training? Such data imputing will, after all, fill up the dataset with information provided by instances (rows) that should be unseen by the model while training.
If that is indeed a problem, what would you recommend we do? Would it be better to add data imputing to the pipeline and thus, implement it separately for each fold of cross validation, together with other feature selection, preprocessing, and feature engineering steps?
RangeIndex: 100836 entries, 0 to 100835
Data columns (total 6 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
— —— ————– —–
0 userId 100836 non-null int64
1 movieId 100836 non-null int64
2 timestamp 100836 non-null int64
3 title 745 non-null object
4 genres 745 non-null object
5 rating 100836 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(1), int64(3), object(2)
memory usage: 4.6+ MB
#################################
Hi Jason,
I removed all missing values in “title , genra” but my total sample observations 745.why is it not improving? the column “title , genra” has text data. How to generate missing values in for text data?
I have a “sensor saturation problem” in my dataset: censored measurements lie between zero and a lower measuring limit (A) or above an upper limit (B).
Can I apply the Scikit-learn IterativeImputer method to impute these values based on the AB? I basically want to add the extreme values (tales) to my normal distribution curve.
Fancy impute is a library i’ve turned too for imputation:
https://github.com/hammerlab/fancyimpute
Also missingno is great for visualizations!
https://github.com/ResidentMario/missingno
Thanks for the tip Mike.
Hi, friend I need that dataset ” Pima-Indians-diabetes.csv” how can I access it. it is not available on this site
All datasets are here:
https://github.com/jbrownlee/Datasets
thnx Jason
You’re welcome.
Hi,
I have a data set with 3 lakhs row and 278 columns. I used MissForest to impute missing values. But, the system (HP Pavilion Intel i5 with 12GB RAM) runs for a long time and still didn’t complete..Can you suggest any easy way?
should I have to use any loop?
Perhaps use less data?
Perhaps fit on a faster machine?
Type diabetes dataset in below link
https://datasetsearch.research.google.com/
please tell me about how to impute median using one dataset
please tell me, in case use Fancy impute library, how to predict for X_test?
Thanks for pointing on interesting problem. I would love another one about how to deal with categorical attributes in Python.
And dear reader, please never ever remove rows with missing values. It changes the distribution of your data and your analyses may become worthless. Learn from mistakes of others and don’t repeat them 🙂
Thanks Jozo.
This post will help with categorical input data:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/data-preparation-gradient-boosting-xgboost-python/
Super duper! Thanks for writing! Would it have been worth mentioning interpolate of Pandas? http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.Series.interpolate.html
Thanks Tommy.
Hi Jason,
I was just wondering if there is a way to use a different imputation strategy for each column. Say, for a categorical feature you want to impute using the mode but for a continuous attribute, you want to impute using mean.
Yes, try lots of techniques, go with whatever results in the most accurate models.
thanks for your tutorial sir.
I would also seek help from you for multi label classification of a textual data , if possible.
For example, categorizing a twitter post as related to sports, business , tech , or others.
Sure, see this post:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/sequence-classification-lstm-recurrent-neural-networks-python-keras/
Hello Mr. Brownlee. Thank you so much for your post.
Do you know any approach to recognize the pattern of missing data? I mean, I am interested in discovering the pattern of missing data on a time series data.
The database is historical data of a chemical process. I think I should apply some pattern recognition approach columnwise because each column represents a process variable and the value coming from a transmisor.
My goal is to predict if the missing data is for a mechanical fault or a desviation in registration process or for any other causes. Then I should apply a kind of filling methods if it is required.
Have you any advice? Thanks in advance
I would invert the problem and model the series of missing data and mark all data you do have with a special value “0” and all missing instances as “1”.
Great problem!
Let me know how you go.
You helped me keep my sanity. THANK YOU!!
I’m really glad to hear that Patricia!
How to know whether to apply mean or to replace it with mode?
Try both and see what results in the most skillful models.
Hi Sachin,
Mode is effected by outliers whereas Mean is less effected by outliers.
Please correct me if i am wrong@Jason
I think you meant “Median” is not affected by outliers. “Mode” is just the most common value.
If I have a 11×11 table and there are 20 missing values in there, is there a way for me to make a code that creates a list after identifying these values?
Let us say that the first column got names and the first row has Day 1 to 10. Some of the names does not show up all of the days and therefore there are missing gaps. I put this table into the code and rather than reading the table I get a list with:
Name, day 2, day 5, day 7
Name, Day 1, day 6
I understand that this could take some time to answer, but if you are able to just tell me that this is possible and maybe know of good place to start on how to start on this project that would be of great help!
Sure, if the missing values are marked with a nan or similar, you can retrieve rows with missing values using Pandas.
can we code our own algorithms to impute the missing values????
if it is possible then how can i implement it??
Yes.
You can write some if-statements and fill in the n/a values in the Pandas dataframe.
I would recommend using statistics or a model as well and compare results.
Hi Jason,
I am trying to prepare data for the TITANIC dataset. One of the columns is CABIN which has values like ‘A22′,’B56’ and so on. This column has maximum number of missing values. First I thought to delete this column but I think this could be an important variable for predicting survivors.
I am trying to find a strategy to fill these null values. Is there a way to fill alphanumeric blank values?
If there is no automatic way, I was thinking of fill these records based on Name, number of sibling, parent child and class columns. E.g. for a missing value, try to see if there are any relatives and use their cabin number to replace missing value.
Similar case is for AGE column which is missing. Any thoughts?
Sounds like a categorical variable. You could encode them as integers. You could also assign an “unknown” integer value (e.g. -999) for the missing value.
Perhaps you can develop a model to predict the cabin number from other details and see if that is skilful.
Good day, I ran this file code pd.read_csv(r’C:\Users\Public\Documents\SP_dow_Hist_stock.csv’,sep=’,’).pct_change(252)
and it gave me missing values (NAN) of return of stock. How do I resolve it.
pd.read_csv(r’C:\Users\Public\Documents\SP_dow_Hist_stock.csv’,sep=’,’)
Out[5]:
Unnamed: 0 S&P500 Dow Jones
0 Date close Close
1 1-Jan-17 2,275.12 24719.22
2 1-Jan-16 1,918.60 19762.60
3 1-Jan-15 2,028.18 17425.03
4 1-Jan-14 1,822.36 17823.07
5 1-Jan-13 1,480.40 16576.66
6 1-Jan-12 1,300.58 13104.14
7 1-Jan-11 1,282.62 12217.56
8 1-Jan-10 1,123.58 11577.51
9 1-Jan-09 865.58 10428.05
10 1-Jan-08 1,378.76 8776.39
11 1-Jan-07 1,424.16 13264.82
12 1-Jan-06 1,278.73 12463.15
13 1-Jan-05 1,181.41 10717.50
14 1-Jan-04 1,132.52 10783.01
15 1-Jan-03 895.84 10453.92
16 1-Jan-02 1,140.21 8341.63
17 1-Jan-01 1,335.63 10021.57
18 1-Jan-00 1,425.59 10787.99
19 1-Jan-99 1,248.77 11497.12
20 1-Jan-98 963.36 9181.43
21 1-Jan-97 766.22 7908.25
22 1-Jan-96 614.42 6448.27
23 1-Jan-95 465.25 5117.12
24 1-Jan-94 472.99 3834.44
25 1-Jan-93 435.23 3754.09
26 1-Jan-92 416.08 3301.11
27 1-Jan-91 325.49 3168.83
28 1-Jan-90 339.97 2633.66
29 1-Jan-89 285.4 2753.20
.. … … …
68 1-Jan-50 16.88 235.42
69 1-Jan-49 15.36 200.52
70 1-Jan-48 14.83 177.30
71 1-Jan-47 15.21 181.16
72 1-Jan-46 18.02 177.20
73 1-Jan-45 13.49 192.91
74 1-Jan-44 11.85 151.93
75 1-Jan-43 10.09 135.89
76 1-Jan-42 8.93 119.40
77 1-Jan-41 10.55 110.96
78 1-Jan-40 12.3 131.13
79 1-Jan-39 12.5 149.99
80 1-Jan-38 11.31 154.36
81 1-Jan-37 17.59 120.85
82 1-Jan-36 13.76 179.90
83 1-Jan-35 9.26 144.13
84 1-Jan-34 10.54 104.04
85 1-Jan-33 7.09 98.67
86 1-Jan-32 8.3 60.26
87 1-Jan-31 15.98 77.90
88 1-Jan-30 21.71 164.58
89 1-Jan-29 24.86 248.48
90 1-Jan-28 17.53 300.00
91 1-Jan-27 13.4 200.70
92 1-Jan-26 12.65 157.20
93 1-Jan-25 10.58 156.66
94 1-Jan-24 8.83 120.51
95 1-Jan-23 8.9 95.52
96 1-Jan-22 7.3 98.17
97 1-Jan-21 7.11 80.80
[98 rows x 3 columns]
pd.read_csv(r’C:\Users\Public\Documents\SP_dow_Hist_stock.csv’,sep=’,’).pct_change(251)
Out[7]:
Unnamed: 0 S&P500 Dow Jones
0 NaN NaN NaN
1 NaN NaN NaN
2 NaN NaN NaN
3 NaN NaN NaN
4 NaN NaN NaN
5 NaN NaN NaN
6 NaN NaN NaN
7 NaN NaN NaN
8 NaN NaN NaN
9 NaN NaN NaN
10 NaN NaN NaN
11 NaN NaN NaN
12 NaN NaN NaN
13 NaN NaN NaN
14 NaN NaN NaN
15 NaN NaN NaN
16 NaN NaN NaN
17 NaN NaN NaN
18 NaN NaN NaN
19 NaN NaN NaN
20 NaN NaN NaN
21 NaN NaN NaN
22 NaN NaN NaN
23 NaN NaN NaN
24 NaN NaN NaN
25 NaN NaN NaN
26 NaN NaN NaN
27 NaN NaN NaN
28 NaN NaN NaN
29 NaN NaN NaN
.. … … …
68 NaN NaN NaN
69 NaN NaN NaN
70 NaN NaN NaN
71 NaN NaN NaN
72 NaN NaN NaN
73 NaN NaN NaN
74 NaN NaN NaN
75 NaN NaN NaN
76 NaN NaN NaN
77 NaN NaN NaN
78 NaN NaN NaN
79 NaN NaN NaN
80 NaN NaN NaN
81 NaN NaN NaN
82 NaN NaN NaN
83 NaN NaN NaN
84 NaN NaN NaN
85 NaN NaN NaN
86 NaN NaN NaN
87 NaN NaN NaN
88 NaN NaN NaN
89 NaN NaN NaN
90 NaN NaN NaN
91 NaN NaN NaN
92 NaN NaN NaN
93 NaN NaN NaN
94 NaN NaN NaN
95 NaN NaN NaN
96 NaN NaN NaN
97 NaN NaN NaN
[98 rows x 3 columns]
Perhaps post your code and issue to stackoverflow?
Hi Jason,
Thanks for your valuable writing.
I have one question :-
We can also replace NaN values with Pandas fillna() function. In my opinion this is more versatile than Imputer class because in a single statement we can take different strategies on different column.
df.fillna({‘A’:df[‘A’].mean(),’B’:0,’C’:df[‘C’].min(),’D’:3})
What is your opinion? Is there any performance difference between two?
Great tip.
No idea, on the performance difference.
Is there a recommended ratio on the number of NaN values to valid values , when any corrective action like imputing can be taken?
If we have a column with most of the values as null, then it would be better off to ignore that column altogether for feature?
No, it is problem specific. Perhaps run some experiments to see how sensitive the model is to missing values.
Hi Jason,
Thanks for this post, I wanted to ask, how do we impute missing text values in a column which has either text labels or blanks.
Good question, I’m not sure off hand. Perhaps start with simple masking of missing values.
To fill the nan for a categorical column
df = df.fillna(df[‘column’].value_counts().index[0])
This fills the missing values in all columns with the most frequent categorical value
Thanks a lot Jason ! but I have a little question, how about if we want to replace missing values with the mean of each ROW not column ? how to do that ? if you have any clue, please tell me.. Thank you again Jason.
Why would you do this?
numpy.mean() allows you to specify the axis on which to calculate the mean. It will do it for you.
Hi Jason,
I wanted to ask you how you would deal with missing timestamps (date-time values), which are one set of predictor variables in a classification problem. Would you flag and mark them as missing or impute them as the mode of the rest of the timestamps?
Here are some ideas:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/handle-missing-timesteps-sequence-prediction-problems-python/
Hi Jason,
A big fan of yours.
I have a question about imputing missing numerical values. I don’t really want to remove them and I want to impute them to a value that is like Nan but a numerical type? Would say coding it to -1 work? (0 is already being used).
I guess I am trying to achieve the same thing as categorising an nan category variable to unknown and creating another feature column to indicate that it is missing.
Thanks,
NaN is a numerical type. It is a valid float.
You could use -999 or whatever you like.
Be careful that your model can support them, or normalize values prior to modeling.
Hello Jason,
You mentioned this here: “if you choose to impute with mean column values, these mean column values will need to be stored to file for later use on new data that has missing values.”, but I wanted to ask:
Would imputing the data before creating the training and test set (with the data set’s mean) cause data leakage? What would be the best approach to tackle missing data within the data pipeline for a machine learning project.
Let’s say I’m imputing by filling in with the mean. For the model tuning am I imputing values in the test set with the training set’s mean?
Yes. You want to calculate the value to impute from train and apply to test.
The sklearn library has an imputer you can use in a pipeline:
http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.preprocessing.Imputer.html
Hi Jason,
Thanks again for that huge nice article!
is there a neat way to clean away all those rows that happen to be filled with text (i.e. strings) in a certain column, i.e. List.ImportantColumn .
This destroys my plotting with “could not convert string to float”
Thanks already in advance!
Yes, you can remove or replace those values with simple NumPy array indexing.
For example, if you have ‘?’ you can do:
Hi Jason,
I tried using this dropna to delete the entire row that has missing values in my dataset and after which the isnull().sum() on the dataset also showed zero null values. But the problem arises when i run an algorithm and i am getting an error.
Error : Input contains NaN, infinity or a value too large for dtype(‘float64’)
This clearly shows there still exists some null values.
How do i proceed with this thanks in advance
Perhaps print the contents of the prepared data to confirm that the nans were indeed removed?
Hi Jason,
Thanks for this post, I’m using CNN for regression and after data normalization I found some NaN values on training samples. How can I use imputer to fill missing values in the data after normalization.
Does the above tutorial not help?
should I apply Imputer function for both training and testing dataset?
Yes, but if the imputer has to learn/estimate, it should be developed from the training data and aplied to the train and test sets, in order to avoid data leakage.
I feel that Imputer remove the Nan values and doesn’t replace them. For example the vector features length in my case is 14 and there are 2 Nan values after applying Imputer function the vector length is 12. This means the 2 Nan values are removed. However I used the following setting:
imputer = Imputer(missing_values=np.nan, strategy=’mean’, axis=0)
I don’t know what is happening in your case, perhaps post/search on stackoverflow?
You mean I should fit it on training data then applied to the train and test sets as follow :
imputer = Imputer(strategy=”mean”, axis=0)
imputer.fit(X_train)
X_train = imputer.transform(X_train)
X_test = imputer.transform(X_test)
Looks good.
Thanks for this post!!!
A dataSet having more than 4000 rows and rows can be groupby their 1st columns and let there is many columns (assume 20 columns) and few columns(let 14 columns) contains NaN(missing value).
How we populate NaN with mean of their corresponding columns by iterative method(using groupby, transform and apply) .
Sorry, I don’t understand. Perhaps you can elaborate your question?
actually i want to fill missing value in each column. Value is the mean of corresponding column. Is there any iterative method?
What do you mean by iterative method?
Is it iterative imputer? where missing value acts as dependent variable and independent variables are other features
No.
After replacing zeroes,Can I save it as a new data set?
Yes, call to_csv() on the dataframe.
what does this mean?
It is a function, learn more here:
https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.to_csv.html
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
mydata = pd.read_csv(‘diabetes.csv’,header=None)
mydata.head(20)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 Pregnancies Glucose BloodPressure SkinThickness Insulin BMI DiabetesPedigreeFunction Age Outcome
1 6 148 72 35 0 33.6 0.627 50 1
2 1 85 66 29 0 26.6 0.351 31 0
3 8 183 64 0 0 23.3 0.672 32 1
4 1 89 66 23 94 28.1 0.167 21 0
5 0 137 40 35 168 43.1 2.288 33 1
print((mydata[0] == 0).sum()) — for any column it always shows 0
0 >>>>>>>…. any thing wrong here ?
whereas i have 0’s in dataset
0 Pregnancies
1 6
2 1
3 8
4 1
5 0>>>>>>>>>
6 5
7 3
8 10
9 2
10 8
11 4
12 10
13 10
14 1
15 5
16 7
17 0 >>>>>>
Perhaps post your code and issue to stackoverflow?
Hello,
More than one year later, I have the same problem as you. When i search for 0 it does not work. However, when I look for ‘0’ it does, which means the table is filled with strings and not number… Any idea how I can handle that?
Best Regards
Perhaps your data was loaded as strings?
Try converting it to numbers:
Hi sir,
For my data after executing following instructions still I get same error
dataset= dataset.replace(0, np.NaN)
dataset.dropna(inplace=True)
dataset= dataset.replace(0, np.Inf)
dataset.dropna(inplace=True)
print(dataset.describe())
F1 F2 F3 F4
count 1200.000000 1200.000000 1200.000000 1200.000000
mean 0.653527 0.649447 1.751579 inf
std 0.196748 0.194933 0.279228 NaN
min 0.179076 0.179076 0.731698 0.499815
25% 0.507860 0.506533 1.573212 1.694007
50% 0.652066 0.630657 1.763520 1.925291
75% 0.787908 0.762665 1.934603 2.216663
max 1.339335 1.371362 2.650390 inf
How can I get out from this problem.
Sorry to hear that, perhaps try posting your code and question to stackoverflow?
df.replace(-np.Inf, 0 )
df.replace(np.Inf, 0 )
how can we impute the categorical data in python
You can use an integer encoding (label encoding), a one hot encoding or even a word embedding.
Hi Jason
I am new to Python and I was working through the example you gave. For some reason, When I run the piece of code to count the zeros, the code returns results that indicate that there are no zeros in any of those columns.
Can you please assist?
Sorry to hear that, I have some suggestions here:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/faq/single-faq/why-does-the-code-in-the-tutorial-not-work-for-me
Hi Jason,
Great post. Thanks so much.
Say I have a dataset without headers to identify the columns, how can I handle inconsistent data, for example, age having a value 2500 without knowing this column captures age, any thoughts?
You can use statistics to identify outliers:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/how-to-use-statistics-to-identify-outliers-in-data/
Hi Jason,
Nice article. How can we add (python) another feature indicating a missing value as 1 if available and 0 if not? Is that a sensible solution?
Thank you.
Great question.
You could loop over all rows and mark 0 and 1 values in a another array, then hstack that with the original feature/rows.
Pima Indians Diabetes Dataset doesn’t exist anymore 🙁
Thanks, I have updated the link.
What is the current situation in AutoML field? What researchers try to bring out actually?
Good question, I need to learn more about that field.
Let me know ,once you get to know about that someday.
Thank you for your response!!
[Ignore earlier misplaced post]
Jason,
Many thanks for your work in preparing these awesome tutorials!
In order to fill missing values with mean column values, I had to switch from:
from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer
…
# fill missing values with mean column values
imputer = Imputer()
To:
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
…
imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=numpy.NaN, strategy=’mean’)
Thanks for sharing.
Jason, thanks a lot for your article,very useful.
Regards
You’re welcome.
Hi Jason, great tutorial! If I were to impute values for time series data, how would I need to approach it? My dataset has data for a year and data is missing for about 3 months. Is there any way to salvage this time series for forecasting?
See this:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/handle-missing-timesteps-sequence-prediction-problems-python/
Thanks Jason!
You’re welcome.
I have near about 4 lakhs of data.
The shape of my dataset is (400000,114).
I want to first impute the data and then apply feature selection such as RFE so that I could train my model with only the important features further instead of all 114 features.
But I am unable to understand how after using SimpleImputer and MinMax scaler to normalize the data as :
values = dataset.values
imputer = SimpleImputer()
imputedData = imputer.fit_transform(values)
scaler = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0, 1))
normalizedData = scaler.fit_transform(imputedData)
How will we use this normalized data ??
Because on normal dataset further I am making X,Y labels as:
X = dataset.drop([‘target’], axis=1)
y = dataset.target
How RFE will be used here further ?
Whether on X and y labels or before that do we have to convert all X labels to normalized data ?
Also training this huge amount of data with Random Forest or Logistic Regression for RFE is taking much of time ? So is a better solution available for training ?
Perhaps use a smaller sample of your data to start with.
I have tried it with smaller set of data which is working fine.
But in a requirement I have to use this large sized i.e. 4 lakhs of data with 114 features.
Also RFE on RandomForest is taking a huge amount of time to run.
And if I go with model = LogisticRegression(‘saga’), then the amount of time is less but I am dealing with warnings which I am unable to resolve as:
ConvergenceWarning: The max_iter was reached which means the coef_ did not converge
“the coef_ did not converge”, ConvergenceWarning)
How should I go further for feature selection on this large dataset ?
Thank you very much !!
Perhaps fit on less data, at least initially.
I would recommend developing a pipeline so that the imputation can be applied prior to scaling and feature selection and the prior to any modeling.
Hi Jason I have Time Series Data so i need to fill missing values , so which is best technique to fill time series data ?
See this tutorial:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/handle-missing-timesteps-sequence-prediction-problems-python/
Hello Jason
If we impute a column in our dataset the data distribution will change, and the change will depend on the imputation strategy. This in turns will affect the different ML algorithms performance. We are tuning the prediction not for our original problem but for the “new” dataset, which most probably differ from the real one. My question is, for avoiding error predictions or overestimated performance of our algorithm, shouldn’t we avoid having any NA’s imputed values in our test dataset? I guess We can use them in the training dataset and using different imputation techniques to check performance of the algorithms on the test data (without imputed NA’s).
Thanks
Bruno
Yes. Great question!
Test a few strategies and use the approach that results in a model that has the best skill.
Hi Jason,
First of all great job on the tutorials! This is my go to place for Machinel earning now.
I am trying to impute values in my dataset conditionally. Say I have three columns, If Column 1 is 1 then Column 2 is 0 and Column 3 is 0; If column 1 is 2 then Column 2 is Mean () and Column 3 is Mean(). I tried running an if statement with the function any() and defined the conditions separately. However the conditions are not being fulfilled based on conditions, I am either getting all mean values or all zeroes.
I have posted this on Stackoverflow and haven’t gotten any response to help me with this.Please do suggest what should I apply to get this sorted.
Thanks a lot!
Thanks!
Perhaps try writing the conditions explicitly and enumerate the data, rather than using numpy tricks? It will be slower but perhaps easier to debug.
Yes, I used iloc to define the conditions separately. Worked fine. Thanks!
Great!
Thanks for the post.
Please correct me if i am wrong.
Applying these techniques for training data works for me. However, if the data in real-time (test data) is received with standard inverval (100 milliseconds), then algorithms suchs as LGBM, XGBoost and Catboost (scikit) with inherent capabilities can be used.
Your Weka post on missing values by defining threshold works great.
100ms is a long time for a computer, I don’t see the problem with using imputation.
Thanks for the reply.
Just a clarification. If one instance of data from several sensors arrive with some missing values for every 100ms, is it possible to classify based on the current instance alone. (one instance at a time).
My presumption is that we need multiple instances to calculate the statistics even for stream data.
Sorry. A bit confused on this.
Generally, you can frame the prediction problem any way you wish, e.g. based on the data you have and the data you need at prediction time.
Then train a model based on that framing of the problem.
Thanks a lot replying with patience.
I’m here to help if I can.
Dear Dr Jason,
Background information and question:
Background information:
Instead of playing around with the “horse colic” data with missing data, I constructed a smaller version of the iris data. I had to shuffle the data to get an even spread of species 0, 1 or 2. Otherwise if I took the first 20 rows the last column would be full of species 0. Hence my shuffling of the data.
I’ve had great success in predicting the kind of species.
So my iris20 data looks like this – the first four columns are in the correct order of the original iris data and the last column are a variety of species. .
I removed 10 values ‘at random’ from my iris20 data, called it iris20missing
Question:
I have successfully been able to predict the kind of species of iris whether it is species 0, 1, 2.
Examples:
My question: In listing 8.19, 3rd last line, page 84 (101 of 398):
row is enclosed in brackets [row].
that is we have for example row = [[6.3 ,NaN,4.4 ,1.3]]
Why please do we double enclose the array in predict function?
When I do this
I get errors.
Thank you for your time,
Anthony of Sydney
Why enclose row as [row] since row is already enclosed by brackets.
That is why .predict([row]) and not .predict(row)
Nice work!
The predict() function expects a 2d matrix input, one row of data represented as a matrix is [[a,b,c]] in python.
First,
Thanks in advance for your reply. It is appreciated.
A question on your answer please.
Background info
In the above example we had to structure the variable ‘row’ as a 2d matrix for use in the predict() function. Here ‘row’ is changed from an array of size 4 to a 1 x 4 matrix.
I’ve worked out that one can construct an n x m matrix and have the model predict for an n x m matrix
To illustrate:
Recall in my above example I made a series of rows and made individual predictions on the model with these rows:
Now if we made an n x m matrix and feed that n x m matrix into the predict() function we should expect the same outcomes as individual predictions.
Result is the same as if making individual predictions. Hence I understand the predict() function expecting a matrix and if predicting for single rows, make the single row into a 1xm matrix.
Conclusion: the predict() function expects a matrix, and we can make an n x m matrix containing the rows of what we want to predict AND get multiple results.
Thank you again in advance
Anthony of Sydney
Yes.
Perhaps this will help clarify:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/make-predictions-scikit-learn/
Dear Dr Jason,
Thank you for the blog at https://machinelearningmastery.com/make-predictions-scikit-learn/.
Relevant to answer my question about prediction are the sections “Class Predictions”, “Single Class Predictions” and “Multiple Class Predictions”. (These are presented in order of 1, 3 and 2 ).
The variable Xnew is of the structure [[],[]] which is a 2D structure. This is for one prediction.
In the multiple class predictions, Xnew is a 2D matrix. In the example it is a 3 x 2 2D matrix
In both cases of single or multiple class predictions we feed the 2D matrix in the form
In sum predicting requires our feature matrix to be 2D whether 1 x m or n x m, where 1 or n are the number of predictions and m being the number of features.
Thank you,
Anthony of Sydney
Dear Dr Jason,
I wish to share my two ways of deleting specific rows from a dataset as per subheading 4, “Remove Rows With Missing Values”
HOW TO DELETE SPECIFIC VALUES FROM SPECIFIC COLUMNS – TWO METHODS
Method #1 as per heading 4 = listing 7.16 on p73 (90 of 398) of your book.
Method #2 – using arrays
The last method was presented in case your data set is not as a DataFrame.
Thank you,
Anthony of Sydney
Thanks for sharing!
Hi Jason,
I was just wondering if data imputing (e.g. replacing all missing values by the arithmetic mean of the corresponding column) in fact results in data leakage, implementing bias into the model during training? Such data imputing will, after all, fill up the dataset with information provided by instances (rows) that should be unseen by the model while training.
If that is indeed a problem, what would you recommend we do? Would it be better to add data imputing to the pipeline and thus, implement it separately for each fold of cross validation, together with other feature selection, preprocessing, and feature engineering steps?
Thanks a lot,
Levente
It doesn’t as long as you only use the training data to calculate stats.
how can i do similar case imputation using mean for Age variable with missing values,
The mean is calculated as the sum of the values divided by the total number of values.
This tutorial will help you get started:
https://machinelearningmastery.com/statistical-imputation-for-missing-values-in-machine-learning/
[‘toy stori’,
‘grumpier old men’,
‘heat’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
‘nan’,
#################
Hi Jason , I applied embedding technique. how to handle nan values? i will improve my result.
If you have nan values in your data you can try removing them, imputing them, masking them, etc.
If you have nan values out of your model, you’re model is broken, perhaps exploding gradients, or vanishing gradients during training.
precision recall f1-score support
class0(0.5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
class1(1) 0.00 0.00 0.00 8
class2(1.5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 2
class3(2) 0.00 0.00 0.00 10
class4(2.5) 0.02 0.22 0.03 9
class5(3) 0.00 0.00 0.00 75
class6(3.5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 16
class7(4) 0.00 0.00 0.00 74
class8(4.5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 17
class9(5) 0.00 0.00 0.00 35
accuracy 0.01 246
macro avg 0.00 0.02 0.00 246
weighted avg 0.00 0.01 0.00 246
[[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
[ 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0]
[ 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0]
[ 1 2 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 0]
[ 5 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0]
[ 7 21 0 0 40 0 7 0 0 0]
[ 2 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0]
[13 32 0 0 28 0 1 0 0 0]
[ 1 8 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 0]
[ 1 21 0 0 12 0 1 0 0 0]]
okay, I removed “nan” values. above my new result. I am waiting positive response.
Sorry, what problem are you having exactly? Perhaps you can rephrase or elaborate your question?
RangeIndex: 100836 entries, 0 to 100835
Data columns (total 6 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
— —— ————– —–
0 userId 100836 non-null int64
1 movieId 100836 non-null int64
2 timestamp 100836 non-null int64
3 title 745 non-null object
4 genres 745 non-null object
5 rating 100836 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(1), int64(3), object(2)
memory usage: 4.6+ MB
#################################
Hi Jason,
I removed all missing values in “title , genra” but my total sample observations 745.why is it not improving? the column “title , genra” has text data. How to generate missing values in for text data?
Perhaps you can use the most common words or phrase?
Perhaps you can use a special “no text” phrase?
Hi Jason
Thank you for your helpfull tutorials!
I have a “sensor saturation problem” in my dataset: censored measurements lie between zero and a lower measuring limit (A) or above an upper limit (B).
Can I apply the Scikit-learn IterativeImputer method to impute these values based on the AB? I basically want to add the extreme values (tales) to my normal distribution curve.
Extras:
Using Python 3.9.5, un-experienced user.
I have looked at the PyMC3 package (https://docs.pymc.io/notebooks/censored_data.html).
But the packages used in this example are not working well together (https://discourse.pymc.io/t/attributeerror-module-arviz-has-no-attribute-geweke/6818)
Perhaps try it and see.
Hello Jason,
If i have a full row of NaN, what is the commom practice to dealing with it? Should i just delete it from my dataset?
Do you have any reference i could read about this kind of problem? I have a dataset with 42k rows, and i have seen some of them are tottaly empty.
Thanks in advance,
Murilo
If you get a row full of NaN, drop it. If you get only a small number of fields NaN, you can try imputation.