Datasets may have missing values, and this can cause problems for many machine learning algorithms. As such, it is good practice to identify and replace missing values for each column in your input data prior to modeling your prediction task. This is called missing data imputation, or imputing for short. A sophisticated approach involves defining […]
Test-time augmentation, or TTA for short, is a technique for improving the skill of predictive models. It is typically used to improve the predictive performance of deep learning models on image datasets where predictions are averaged across multiple augmented versions of each image in the test dataset. Although popular with image datasets and neural network […]
Often, the input features for a predictive modeling task interact in unexpected and often nonlinear ways. These interactions can be identified and modeled by a learning algorithm. Another approach is to engineer new features that expose these interactions and see if they improve model performance. Additionally, transforms like raising input variables to a power can […]
Many machine learning algorithms perform better when numerical input variables are scaled to a standard range. This includes algorithms that use a weighted sum of the input, like linear regression, and algorithms that use distance measures, like k-nearest neighbors. Standardizing is a popular scaling technique that subtracts the mean from values and divides by the […]
Recursive Feature Elimination, or RFE for short, is a popular feature selection algorithm. RFE is popular because it is easy to configure and use and because it is effective at selecting those features (columns) in a training dataset that are more or most relevant in predicting the target variable. There are two important configuration options […]
Numerical input variables may have a highly skewed or non-standard distribution. This could be caused by outliers in the data, multi-modal distributions, highly exponential distributions, and more. Many machine learning algorithms prefer or perform better when numerical input variables have a standard probability distribution. The discretization transform provides an automatic way to change a numeric […]
Numerical input variables may have a highly skewed or non-standard distribution. This could be caused by outliers in the data, multi-modal distributions, highly exponential distributions, and more. Many machine learning algorithms prefer or perform better when numerical input variables and even output variables in the case of regression have a standard probability distribution, such as […]
Machine learning algorithms like Linear Regression and Gaussian Naive Bayes assume the numerical variables have a Gaussian probability distribution. Your data may not have a Gaussian distribution and instead may have a Gaussian-like distribution (e.g. nearly Gaussian but with outliers or a skew) or a totally different distribution (e.g. exponential). As such, you may be […]
Datasets may have missing values, and this can cause problems for many machine learning algorithms. As such, it is good practice to identify and replace missing values for each column in your input data prior to modeling your prediction task. This is called missing data imputation, or imputing for short. A popular approach for data […]
Reducing the number of input variables for a predictive model is referred to as dimensionality reduction. Fewer input variables can result in a simpler predictive model that may have better performance when making predictions on new data. Linear Discriminant Analysis, or LDA for short, is a predictive modeling algorithm for multi-class classification. It can also […]
