Attention is a concept that is scientifically studied across multiple disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, and, more recently, machine learning. While all disciplines may have produced their own definitions for attention, one core quality they can all agree on is that attention is a mechanism for making both biological and artificial neural systems more flexible. In […]
There are different ways of debugging code in Python, one of which is to introduce breakpoints into the code at points where one would like to invoke a Python debugger. The statements used to enter a debugging session at different call sites depend on the version of the Python interpreter that one is working with, […]
Vector space models are to consider the relationship between data that are represented by vectors. It is popular in information retrieval systems but also useful for other purposes. Generally, this allows us to compare the similarity of two vectors from a geometric perspective. In this tutorial, we will see what is a vector space model […]
A How can I transform text into numbers for machine learning? Text must be converted to numbers before you can use it as input to a machine learning model. The first step is to determine your vocabulary of words, then assign a unique integer to each word. You control the complexity of your modeling task […]
Dimensionality reduction is an unsupervised learning technique. Nevertheless, it can be used as a data transform pre-processing step for machine learning algorithms on classification and regression predictive modeling datasets with supervised learning algorithms. There are many dimensionality reduction algorithms to choose from and no single best algorithm for all cases. Instead, it is a good […]
Data preparation is the process of transforming raw data into learning algorithms. In some cases, data preparation is a required step in order to provide the data to an algorithm in its required input format. In other cases, the most appropriate representation of the input data is not known and must be explored in a […]
The number of input variables or features for a dataset is referred to as its dimensionality. Dimensionality reduction refers to techniques that reduce the number of input variables in a dataset. More input features often make a predictive modeling task more challenging to model, more generally referred to as the curse of dimensionality. High-dimensionality statistics […]
Machine learning and deep learning models, like those in Keras, require all input and output variables to be numeric. This means that if your data contains categorical data, you must encode it to numbers before you can fit and evaluate a model. The two most popular techniques are an integer encoding and a one hot […]
Machine learning is a large field of study that overlaps with and inherits ideas from many related fields such as artificial intelligence. The focus of the field is learning, that is, acquiring skills or knowledge from experience. Most commonly, this means synthesizing useful concepts from historical data. As such, there are many different types of […]
Generative Adversarial Networks, or GANs, are perhaps the most effective generative model for image synthesis. Nevertheless, they are typically restricted to generating small images and the training process remains fragile, dependent upon specific augmentations and hyperparameters in order to achieve good results. The BigGAN is an approach to pull together a suite of recent best […]
